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Space: the new cyber crime frontier

6 October 2012

What if hackers hijacked a key satellite? jerome taylor reports on the next generation of threat

IT sounds like the imaginings of science fiction writers. However, cyber experts have warned that hackers could send the world back to the 1960s by hijacking satellites dotted around space, creating havoc below.

Our overwhelming reliance on space technology makes us acutely vulnerable were it to ever break down or be deliberately sabotaged. For those gathered at the conference on national security and space at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies last Tuesday, it was an issue they felt needed to be confronted more openly.

“It is a real issue and a real vulnerability,” explained Mark Roberts, a former space and cyber expert at the UK ministry of defence who has recently moved to the private sector. “What we are doing is making ourselves more vulnerable to attack than we had been formerly. My personal view is that a day without space is not going – as some people say – to send us back to the dark ages. It’s more likely to put us back into the 1960s.”

Every day, miles above the earth’s atmosphere, an army of satellites provides us with a vital stream of information. From our mobile phones to satnavs, from shipping channels to television broadcasts, from the monitoring of our melting Polar ice caps to the running of vital defence systems — our world would struggle to function without the satellites above us.

Cyber experts from across Britain gathered in London to ponder what would happen if we were forced to deal with a “day without space”. The threats against our satellites are as varied as they are numerous. From solar storms that temporarily knock out communication to mid-stratosphere crashes and deliberate attack, satellites are frighteningly vulnerable. One of the issues causing the most concerns — that has somewhat belatedly sparked attempts to initiate a clean-up — is the sheer amount of litter surrounding earth. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration estimates that there are as many as 16,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 cm orbiting within 2,000 km of earth — the region where most of the world’s satellites are positioned. Each piece can travel at tens of thousands of kilometres an hour and could easily destroy any satellite it meets.

It’s also getting crowded up there. Since the space race began in the late 1950s, more than 6,500 satellites have been sent up, of which only 994 are still operational. As Professor Richard Crowther, from the UK Space Agency put it, “Space is infinite, but the space around the earth is finite.”

Three years ago, the world was given a frightening glimpse into what would happen unless we reduced the number of redundant satellites in space when a working telecommunications satellite built by US firm Iridium smashed into a defunct Russian Kosmos satellite. The computer models predicted the satellites would pass with half a kilometre of each other. Instead, the collision, which took place at 26,000 miles per hour, created more than 1,000 extra pieces of debris larger than 10 cm — which are still causing problems to this day.

Given the carnage that could be unleashed by a collision, the array of redundant satellites provides an opportunity for malignant hackers looking to cause mayhem for strategic or anarchic reasons. Mark Roberts, who pioneered the introduction of cyber elements into the war games that the UK ministry of defence runs, hypothesised a scenario in which hackers take control of one or multiple redundant satellites and use them to crash into more vital ones. “There are lots of satellites in orbit at the moment that have been taken off line,” he explained. “They still have propulsion, they have the ability to be restarted. Somebody particularly nasty could hack one of these things and then start to manoeuvre it.”

One Nasa scientist, Donald Kessler, even predicted a single large collision could produce enough debris to create a cascading effect where future collisions increase exponentially — making space travel and satellites impossible for a generation.

While the military has long prepared for the possibility of operating without GPS, emergency services are now beginning to consider having to do their jobs in such circumstances. Chief superintendent Jim Hammond, from the Association of Chief Police Officers, warned that a 24-hour stoppage in GPS data within London would quickly have knock-on effects on transport and city trading as well as the emergency services’ ability to communicate with or locate tagged criminals. “The art of looking at a map is being forgotten,” he said. “The rush hour might go from one to three hours.”

The Independent, London